Listas y Ciclos

Listas

Tipos de estructuras de datos

La listas son utilizadas para almacenar multiples elementos en una sola variables.

En general en Python tenemos tres tipos de estructura de datos pre-construidas para almacenar los datos, cada una con su caracteristicas propias:

  • Tuple: colección ordenable pero los elementos son inmutables. Se permiten duplicados

  • Set: colección no ordenada y sin índice. No permite duplicados

  • Dictionary: colección no ordeda y mutable. No admite duplicados

  • List: colección que es ordenable y mutable. Admite elementos duplicados

Para inicializar una lista es suficiente asignar a una variable una lista vacía por medio de dos brackets:

a= []
type(a)
list

Caracteristica elementos de una lista

Los elementos de una lista son:

  • Ordenados: significa que una vez asignados a una lista los elementos tendrán un roden definido. Podemos acceder a ellos por medio de un indíce. En el momento que añadimos un elemento será colocado al final de la lista.

  • Mutables: podemos añadir, quitar o cambiar elementos después que la lista haya ya sido creada.

  • Admisibles de duplicados: dado que la lista es indicizada podemos tener elementos iguales

Ahora bien en una lista podemos poner distintos tipos de datos

lista= [ "ciao", False, 4 , 4.2]
print(lista)
['ciao', False, 4, 4.2]
lista[2]
4
type(lista[1])
bool
type(lista[4])
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
IndexError                                Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-5-fd8333c1a448> in <module>
----> 1 type(lista[4])

IndexError: list index out of range

Podemos de igual forma crear una lista con el constructore list():

lista2=list(("Paullo", "5", 94))
type(lista2[1])
str

Para obtener el numero de elementos presentes en una lista ocupamos el comando len()

len(lista2)
3

Metodos para listas

Metodo

Descripción

append()

añade un elemento a la lista

clear()

copy()

count()

extend()

index()

insert()

pop()

remove()

reverse()

sort()

lm=[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]
lm
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
lm.append("Pieve Emanuele", "ciao","ciao")
lm
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-30-c44897f33367> in <module>
----> 1 lm.append("Pieve Emanuele", "ciao","ciao")
      2 lm

TypeError: append() takes exactly one argument (3 given)
lm2=lm.copy()*2
lm.clear()
print(lm2)
lm
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
[]
lm2.count(5)
2
l2 = [1, 2, 3]
l2.append([4, 5])
print (l2)
l3 = [1, 2, 3]
l3.extend([4, 5])
print (l3)
print(l2[3])
print(l3[3])
[1, 2, 3, [4, 5]]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
[4, 5]
4
l2.pop(3)
l2
[1, 2, 3]
l3.extend([6,6])
print(l3)
l3.remove(6)
l3
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6]
l3.reverse()
print(l3)
l3.sort()
l3
[6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6]

Ciclos

For

Ciclo for

Un ciclo for es usado para iterare con respecto a una secuencia. Puede ser una lista, una tupla, un diccionario, un set o una cadena/string

Es diferente a los for de otros lenguajes de prgramación. Se parece más a un metodo iterador que podemos encontrar en otros lenguajes de porgramación orientados a objectos.

Con el for podemos ejecutar un comando o una acción para cada elemento de una lista, set, diccionario, lista and so on.

for x in l3:
  print(x)
1
2
3
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6

Podemos iterar también através de una cadena:

saludar="Ciao Mamma"
for x in saludar:
    print(x)
C
i
a
o
 
M
a
m
m
a

Con el comando break podemos salir del for antes de iterare todos los objetos

for x in saludar:
    print(x)
    if x== "m":
        break
C
i
a
o
 
M
a
m

Con el comando continue podemos parar la iteracción en curso del for y seguir con la siguiente

for x in saludar:
    print(x)
    if x== "m":
        continue
    
C
i
a
o
 
M
a
a

Si queremos repetir un mismo codigo un determinado numero de veces podemos utilizar la función range. La función range nos retorna una secuencia de numeros iniciando del \(0\) y cada vez aumentandolo de \(1\)

for x in range(10):
  print(x)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
for x in range(2,10,2):
    print(x)
2
4
6
8

Podemos utilizar un else en el ciclo for

for x in l3:
  print(x)
else:
  print("Salida")
1
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4
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6
Salida
for x in l3:
  if x == 5: break
  print(x)
else:
  print("Salida")
1
2
3
4

Podemos anida varios for:

pal=["Abbiamo", "quasi", "finito"]
for x in range(3):
    print(x)
    for k in pal:
        print(k)
0
Abbiamo
quasi
finito
1
Abbiamo
quasi
finito
2
Abbiamo
quasi
finito

En caso que queramos hacer un for vacío es necesario inserir un pass para no tener error

for x in range(5):
    pass
n=5;
for i in range(n):
    for j in range(i):
        print ('* ', end="")
    print('')

for i in range(n,0,-1):
    for j in range(i):
        print('* ', end="")
    print('')

While

El segundo tipo de ciclos que tenemos es el while. En este caso el codigo en le while se ejecutará hasta que una condición dada sea verdadera

i = 1
while i < 6:
  print(i)
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------
KeyboardInterrupt                         Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-77-fc66fa465c41> in <module>
      1 i = 1
      2 while i < 6:
----> 3   print(i)

C:\ProgramData\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\ipykernel\iostream.py in write(self, string)
    402             is_child = (not self._is_master_process())
    403             # only touch the buffer in the IO thread to avoid races
--> 404             self.pub_thread.schedule(lambda : self._buffer.write(string))
    405             if is_child:
    406                 # mp.Pool cannot be trusted to flush promptly (or ever),

C:\ProgramData\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\ipykernel\iostream.py in schedule(self, f)
    203             self._events.append(f)
    204             # wake event thread (message content is ignored)
--> 205             self._event_pipe.send(b'')
    206         else:
    207             f()

C:\ProgramData\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\zmq\sugar\socket.py in send(self, data, flags, copy, track, routing_id, group)
    414                                  copy_threshold=self.copy_threshold)
    415             data.group = group
--> 416         return super(Socket, self).send(data, flags=flags, copy=copy, track=track)
    417 
    418     def send_multipart(self, msg_parts, flags=0, copy=True, track=False, **kwargs):

zmq/backend/cython/socket.pyx in zmq.backend.cython.socket.Socket.send()

zmq/backend/cython/socket.pyx in zmq.backend.cython.socket.Socket.send()

zmq/backend/cython/socket.pyx in zmq.backend.cython.socket._send_copy()

C:\ProgramData\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\zmq\backend\cython\checkrc.pxd in zmq.backend.cython.checkrc._check_rc()

KeyboardInterrupt: 
i = 1
while i < 6:
  print(i)
  if i == 3:
    break
  i += 1
1
2
3
import re
p= input("Input your password")
x = True
while x:  
    if (len(p)<6 or len(p)>12):
        break
    elif not re.search("[a-z]",p):
        break
    elif not re.search("[0-9]",p):
        break
    elif not re.search("[A-Z]",p):
        break
    elif not re.search("[$#@]",p):
        break
    elif re.search("\s",p):
        break
    else:
        print("Valid Password")
        x=False
        break

if x:
    print("Not a Valid Password")
Input your passwordCiao
Not a Valid Password

Podemo meter la condición if toda en una linea:

num2=float(input("Inserir un numero: "))
'Par' if num2%2 == 0 else 'Impar'
Inserir un numero: 20
'Par'
i = 1
while i < 6:
  print(i)
  print('ciao') if i == 3 else 3
  i += 1
1
2
3
ciao
4
5

Los for no tienen una sitnxis compacta tendriamos que adaptar la función next

elem=[1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
res=next((x for x in elem if x%2==0), None)
res
4

The provided code stub reads two integers from STDIN, and . Add code to print three lines where:

  1. The first line contains the sum of the two numbers.

  2. The second line contains the difference of the two numbers (first - second).

  3. The third line contains the product of the two numbers.

a = int(input())
b = int(input())
print(a+b)
print(a-b)
print(a*b)
2
3
5
-1
6

The provided code stub reads two integers, and , from STDIN.

Add logic to print two lines. The first line should contain the result of integer division, // . The second line should contain the result of float division, \(a/b\) .

a = int(input())
b = int(input())
print(a//b)
print(a/b)
2
3
0
0.6666666666666666

Given an integer, , perform the following conditional actions:

  • If \(n\) is odd, print Weird

  • If \(n\) is even and in the inclusive range of to , print Not Weird

  • If \(n\) is even and in the inclusive range of to , print Weird

  • If \(n\) is even and greater than , print Not Weird

n = int(input().strip())
if(n%2!=0):
    print("Weird")
else:
    if(n>= 2 and n<=5 ):
        print("Not Weird")
    elif(n>=6 and n<=20):
            print("Weird")
    else:
        print("Not Weird")
22
Not Weird

You are given a string and your task is to swap cases. In other words, convert all lowercase letters to uppercase letters and vice versa.

Example: Pythonist 2 → pYTHONIST 2

def swap_case(s):
    st=str()
    for i in s:
        if(i.isupper()):
            st=st + i.lower()
        else:
            st= st +i.upper()
    return st
swap_case("Pythonist 2")
'pYTHONIST 2'